Writing in a Second Language
The discussion: explain the results, do not restate them
The weakest discussion sections retell the results section in longer sentences.
Writing in a Second Language
Producing clear academic English without pretending to be a native speaker.
Writing in a Second Language
Writing in a Second Language
The introduction: three paragraphs answering known, unknown, and what you did
Long introductions usually signal that the gap has not been identified precisely.
Writing in a Second Language
The abstract in English: five sentences, and one of them must contain numbers
For most readers, the abstract is the entire paper — and most abstracts omit the results.
Writing in a Second Language
Recurring errors: fix your own list, not a generic one
Every writer repeats a small set of errors — finding your own set is worth more than any general guide.
Writing in a Second Language
Writing in English: clarity is a structural problem, not a vocabulary one
Most manuscripts flagged for language problems have correct grammar and unclear structure.
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